Schätzer in periodisch beobachteten autoregressiven Modellen

Gegeben sei eine lineare autoregressive Zeitreihe, die wir nicht vollständig, sondern zu periodisch sich wiederholenden Zeitpunkten beobachten. Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen konstruieren wir Schätzer für den Autoregressionsparameter und die Innovationsdichte der voll beobachteten Zeitreihe. Der Schätzer für die Innovationsdichte verwendet einen Dekonvolutionsschätzer. Eine einfachere Variante wurde schon in einem sogenannten eingeschränkten Dekonvolutionsproblem für unabhängige Beobachtungen eingeführt. Ferner zeigen wir die lokale asymptotische Normalität der periodisch beobachteten Zeitreihe. Ef- ziente Schätzer für den Autoregressionsparameter werden charakterisiert. Wir konstruieren einen ezienten Schätzer unter einer zusätzlichen strukturellen Annahme. Dazu verwenden wir den Kleinste-Quadrate-Schätzer als Startschätzer und verbessern ihn mit dem Newton-Rhapson-Verfahren

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Bipolar Gold(III) Complexes for Solution-Processable Organic Light-Emitting Devices with a Small Efficiency Roll-Off

Poster: no. 12A new class of bipolar alkynylgold(III) complexes containing triphenylamine and benzimidazole moieties has been synthesized and fully characterized. The incorporation of methyl groups in the central phenyl unit has been found to rigidify the molecule to reduce non-radiative decay, yielding a high photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 75 % in spin-coated thin films. More importantly, this class of alkynylgold(III) complexes exhibits excellent solubility in various organic solvents and is capable of serving as phosphorescent dopants in the fabrication of solution-processable organic lightemitting devices (OLEDs). Efficient solution-processable OLEDs with high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 10 % and an extremely small efficiency roll-off of less than 1 % at a practical brightness of 1000 cd m–2 have been demonstrated.published_or_final_versio